From the top of the picture to the bottom is 4, 3, 2, 1 with reverse driving the straight bcut teeth on the 1/2 synchro. In the pic you posted it's in at least 4th gear. I can't see reverse because it's down inside.
You have to get everything in neutral before assembly. The shifter and top cover won't allow it to be in multiple gears due to the interlock pin, but with the cover off someone can put in multiple gears (and did here). Try prying it out of 4th with a screwdriver or pry bar. If it doesn't come out with a sharp bump then the synchronizer may be jammed and the whole mess will need to come apart (at that point I'd get new bearings and blocking rings because it's the same labor as a rebuild, may as well do it). If 3/4 pops into neutral then verify reverse is in neutral and put it together.
If you need to see how reverse works because you don't understand, search manual transmission on howstuffworks.com for the basics or watch a video on YouTube. The t176 and Ford toploader are the same guts basically, the shifting mechanism is different though, but a video may show how reverse idler works for you.
Like I said above there's a sliding gear that connects the top (main or output) shaft, (the one with the synchro sliders) to the counter (or cluster) shaft which is at the bottom of the case directly under it. If the sliding reverse idler is touching both shafts it's in reverse. If reverse is in neutral too then the gear will be slid the other way and will only contact one gear or none at all (I can't remember which way that transmission does it).