Anywho. Back on topic. Does the Alt in newer vehicles today already cycle on and off? I understood them to always be producing - hence 14+volts on your gauge when the alt is good, and only 12 measuring just the battery.
They cycle on and off with ECM control for voltage regulation and load reduction. They are usually producing under many/most conditions, because there is usually always a decent average electrical load with all of the computers and radio and ignition and fuel pump and all that other stuff. If you disable the alternator output for whatever length of time, you just need to charge the battery more from the alternator at some other point in the future, because that average power versus time has to come from somewhere (else you're in depletion mode and the battery eventually drains). The tricks you can play with ECM control are about using the alternator in its best range of efficiency though, so you can charge more at a certain RPM range and charge less when in a less efficient RPM range, or disable the alternator during hard acceleration (similar to the ECM disengaging the air conditioning compressor at full-throttle, which has been done for decades), or disable it for a while and then run it at higher output if that is more efficient than running at medium output. You can do fun things with changing the regulator output voltage to control current flow as well, so you can dynamically control the output current a lot better than a self-regulating alternator (traditional type).
Before that, alternators were just controlled by output voltage. The higher the voltage difference between the alternator and the battery, the more current would flow from the alternator to charge the battery. This difference decreases as the battery is charged, so the alternator output decreases as the voltage difference between the alternator and battery decreases. If it's low enough, the alternator stops charging. That stays like that until that voltage difference increases again as the battery discharges, or if the voltage difference is artificially created by another electrical load.
It's all just current flow being controlled by differences in voltage, and the alternator load on the engine is very dependent on that current flow. There's also the engine power required to accelerate the alternator mass, and power loss from internal cooling fan drag, and bearings, belts, etc., but those things are a function of RPM and not generally a function of output current.